Optimization of load balance link layer protocol for nodes with multiple channels and interfaces in wireless mesh networks: A comprehensive review

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Epidemiology of Malaria and Lymphatic Filariasis; Prevention and Control under Single Disease Control Program in Rural Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Poor sanitary conditions are responsible for changes in patterns of diseases. The poor standard of living with its attendant poor sanitary conditions has reached an unprecedented level in Nasarawa State communities. The impact of these ecological and environmental changes, including the proliferation of water-holding containers (breeding sites for mosquitoes vectors of yellow fever, filariasis and malaria fever is exacerbating the problems of diseases. This paper highlight these deteriorating conditions and their implications for disease epidemiology. The link between Geographical distribution, vector population, symptoms, impact and control is tressed. The control under one program is discussed with the view to alert communities of a looming outbreak in rural and urban communities in Nasarawa State.

DETERMINANTS OF ADAPTATION TO DEFORESTATION AMONG FARMERS IN MADAGALI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the determinants of adaptation to deforestation among farmers in Madagali Local Government Area of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Structured interview schedule were used to obtain information from 200 respondents selected through simple random sampling techniques. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential (chi-square test) statistics. The result indicated that majority (84%) of the respondents were male with 21-40 years of age representing 58.50%. The study also showed that most (45%) of the respondents had attained post primary education with majority (80%) having 6 and above years of farming experience. The respondents perceived fuel wood extraction as the major (42%) cause of deforestation in the study area. The result showed that the most (30.50%) frequently employed adaptation strategy against deforestation was reducing quantity of fire wood consumption. The study further showed that the factors which significantly influenced adaptation to deforestation among the respondents were age, farming experience and educational status with X2=9.216, 8.697 and 11.238 at P<0.05 respectively. While those factors which did not influence adaptation to deforestation among the respondents were gender, access to agricultural credit and access to extension services with X2=1.286, 7.923 and 5.862 at P<0.05 respectively. The major constraints faced by respondents in adaptation to deforestation were lack of capital and lack of accessible alternative energy. The study recommends that awareness campaign should be mounted to increase the level of knowledge of respondents on the significance of adaptation to deforestation. Respondents should also be encouraged towards establishment of adaptation cooperative societies in order to take advantage of some government policies and programmes

Pharmacognostic and Acute Toxicity Study of Burkea Africana Root

Burkea africana is a plant that belongs to then family Fabaceae; it is widely spread in tropical Africa including Nigeria. It is of valuable in&nbsp; ethnomedicine especially in the treatment of antidote for venomous stings and bites, cutaneous and sub cutaneous parasitic infection, convulsion and pulmonary troubles. Despite the fact that roots of Burkea africana have several medicinal properties, no standardization parameter has been&nbsp; assessed. Due to lack of standard parameters, proper identification and ascertaining quality and purity in the events of adulteration has been thwarted. The objective of the study was to establish some important pharmacognostic profile and safety margin of Burkea africana root with the hope of assisting in its standardization for quality, purity and safety. Elemental analysis was carried out using acid digestion method and phytochemical composition of the plants was evaluated using standard method. Acute toxicity was achieved using Lorke method to determine the LD50. Chemomicroscopical evaluation revealed the presence of cellulose, tannins, starch, lignin, calcium oxalate, suberin, aleurone grain and mucilage with the exception of calcium carbonate. The average moisture contents, total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble ash, alcohol extractive value and water extractive values in the powdered plant material were 3.8%, 7.5%, 4.43%, 8.07%, 25.0% and 20.33% respectively. In addition, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cu were found to be within the safety limit. Phytochemicals which include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates and triterpenes were detected in both aqueous and methanolic extracts. The LD50 of Burkea africana was found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and could be considered safe for consumption. Keywords: Elemental analysis, Burkea africana, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemica

The importance of 'Group Social Support' in treatment and re-union of a declared missing paranoid schizophrenic patient with her family: A Case Report

Development of psychiatric symptoms may pose challenges to patients and their relatives especially if such is an index problem. Paranoid symptom especially towards relation might predispose such patient to abscond from home and the where about may  remain unknown for sometimes. Some may be assisted by good Samaritans while others might fell under the circumstances of criminals. Social support and  medical treatment may be required to reunite some of these subjects as illustrated by this case report.KeyWords : Paranoid Schizophrenia, Homelessness, Social suppor

Pharmacognostic and Antioxidant activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves

Bryophyllum pinnatum is used in ethno medicine for treatment of earache, burns, abscesses, ulcer, insect bites, and diarrhoea. In Nigeria, this herb is used to facilitate the dropping of the placenta of a newly born baby. To search for new sources of safe and inexpensive antioxidants, the leaf of Bryophyllum pinnatum was screened for its antioxidant activity. Sample of leaf from B. pinnatum was tested for organoleptic, phytochemical, thin layer chromatography and antioxidant activity using standard procedure. The leaf was found to be simple, petiolated 6.8cm in size. Microscopically, the leaf had irregularly shaped epidermal cells with numerous anisocytic stomata on the lower surface. Chemomicroscopical evaluation revealed the presence of cellulose, tannins, starch, lignin, calcium oxalate, suberin, aleurone grain and mucilage with the exception of calcium carbonate. Phytochemicals which include alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates and triterpenes were detected in both aqueous and methanolic extracts while anthraquinones was absent. Methanol extract when developed in Chloroform: Methanol (9:1) and virtualized with p-Anisaldehyde/H2SO4, it gave six spots. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extract showed the following trend Ascorbic acid &gt; extract. These results suggested that B. pinnatum leaves have moderate antioxidant potentials. Further study is necessary for isolation and characterization of active antioxidant agents which can be used to treat various oxidative stress related diseases

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Study of Jatropha curcus Root

This study investigated the use of Jatropha curcus as a medicinal plant used in treating many microbial infections. The lack of scientific standardization as well as possible therapeutic alternatives against antibiotic resistant bacterial and fungal infections indicates strong need for continuous effort to validate the use of plant material as alternative therapy regimens with similar or higher antibiotic beneficial properties. The present study describes the phytochemical activities and antibiotic properties of Jatropha curcus extracts against S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Shigella sp, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalisand C. kfyer. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of root bark of the plant using standard methods. The antibacterial potency was initially determined by agar well diffusion method for crude extractsof Jatropha curcusfollowed by quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activity by Minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimumbactericidal/fungicidal concentration. Phytochemical screening of all the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, carbohydrate, triterpenes and tannins. Steroid was absent in hexane and ethyl acetate but present in methanol extract. Anthraquinones was absent in all the extracts. Sensitivity test result showed that all the test isolates were sensitive to hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts at 500mg/ml. Staphlococcus aureus, Shigella sp., Candida krusei were found to have Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal/Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations of 31.25mg/ml and 62.5mg/ml respectively in all the extracts. Thus this plant is a potential candidate for drug development for the treatment of diseases caused by these pathogens